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You may already be familiar with the top 20 cannabis derived terpenes and not know it. With all of the recent crossbreeding and hybridization of cannabis, the cannabis industry can now offer hundreds of unique terpene profiles to consumers in the products they purchase. In turn, each strain has a specific combination of terpenes that set it apart from other strains and determine how it smells and tastes. Put simply, terpenes found in cannabis behave much like essential oils. Cannabis plants just happen to have high concentrations of these beneficial compounds.

Cannabis companies can now extract the terpenes from different strains of cannabis and add them to tinctures, oils, cosmetics, beverages, and edibles to provide enhanced benefits to consumers. Some cannabis enthusiasts argue that various terpenes not only contribute to a strain’s smell and taste but also have therapeutic qualities and medicinal properties. These might include anti-anxiety or anti-inflammatory effects [1], though limited scientific evidence exists to prove these claims beyond common experiences.

Nonetheless, it’s helpful to understand what people find most appealing about common cannabis-derived terpenes in order to choose a strain best suited to your particular needs and desires. This list of the top twenty cannabis terpenes will help you demystify the nuanced world of cannabis terpenes.

What are terpenes?

A whiff of honeysuckle, a rose in full bloom, the smell of fresh-mown grass—all of these are borne from the release of terpenes into the air. But, terpenes do more than simply offer us olfactory pleasure. The evolutionary roles of both cannabis terpenes and botanical terpenes serve to protect a plant from predators, as well as attract pollinators. A particularly repellent smell, for instance, might help the plant stay out of the path of an animal who wishes to eat it. On the other hand, terpenes play a vital role in luring helpful insects to flowers to ensure the plant’s survival through pollination [2].

Though each cannabis flower contains over 100 terpenes [3], as well as various other cannabis compounds, the most prevalent terpenes have risen in popularity as consumers discover what terpene content makes their favorite strains especially enjoyable.

Cannabis terpenes and the entourage effect

The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids such as THC and CBD is possible because of the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). This complex signaling system has evolved to utilize various compounds found in cannabis to regulate body functions—a process that is still being researched [4].

The cannabinoid receptors of this system are found in the brain, organs, connective tissues, glands, and immune cells of the human body [4]. Researchers have found that terpenes likely play a role in the entourage effect, thereby offering the potential to enhance the effects of cannabinoids [5].

The theory behind the entourage effect proposes that any potential inherent properties of the cannabinoids, whether relaxing, invigorating, mind expanding or otherwise, may be elevated when all of the cannabis compounds work together in the ECS. As such, terpenes may work in harmony with cannabinoids and flavonoids to make the cannabis plant even more powerful. According to the theoretical principles behind the entourage effect, products such as full-spectrum CBD oils utilize the whole of the hemp plant, along with its terpenes, to produce a more comprehensive experience [4].

Are terpenes legal?

The 2014 Farm Bill removed hemp from the list of Schedule 1 substances and sewed the seeds for hemp’s recent resurgence. The Bill prompted long-forbidden research into hemp-derived cannabinoids to begin in earnest.

The 2018 Farm Bill expanded on this, allowing people to produce, sell, and consume hemp-derived products with less than .3% Delta-9 THC per dry weight, making it clear to legal experts and cannabis growers that these products, including terpenes, were federally-compliant [6]. On the other hand, marijuana—defined as cannabis containing more than .3% Delta-9 THC—is still illegal in many states.

Neither hemp nor marijuana terpenes produce psychoactive effects. One main difference between the two types of cannabis plants is the type of cannabinoids associated with them. The most well-known cannabinoid in hemp, for instance, is the non-psychoactive CBD (cannabidiol), whereas, the main psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).

These and other cannabinoids like CBG and CBN exist in both types of cannabis, and are protected by the Farm Bill if they derive from hemp. Delta-8 THC, Delta-10 THC, and even Delta-9 THC may be derived from federally compliant hemp. Legal cannabis products may contain any of these three types of THC as long as they contain less than .3% Delta-9 THC per dry weight.

So even if all pure cannabis terpenes contain zero THC, it’s important to remember that they must come from hemp to be protected by the Farm Bill’s legislation. Terpenes from marijuana may not be legal except in states that sanction adult-use of marijuana.

What are the top 20 cannabis-derived terpenes?

Some terpenes occur more often than others in cannabis, though the combinations and percentages of them may vary widely depending on the strain. Below are the top 20 terpenes found in the cannabis plant. As the list progresses, the overall amount of a particular terpene may be less in a strain but still have a place in the overall unique profile of the strain and its resulting entourage effect.

Myrcene

One of the most prominent terpenes found in cannabis, myrcene has a fragrance that has been described as peppery, spicy, herbal, floral, and woody. Myrcene is found in hops, bay, thyme, lemongrass, mango, verbena, and cardamom [7]. Although it has a pleasant odor on its own, myrcene is typically used by the perfume industry as a foundation ingredient for developing other fragrances. Anecdotal reports about the effects of myrcene paint a picture of relaxation, calm, and relief, though these claims have not been fully proven. It is the most prevalent terpene in most cannabis strains, including all of Earthy’s cannabis-derived strains.

Limonene

A monoterpene with a fragrance that is often described as smelling of citrus fruits, limonene is high in many strains of cannabis and is also found in pines, red maple, silver maple, aspen trees, cottonwoods, hemlocks, sumac, cedar, and junipers. The terpene with the citrus aroma has been shown in some studies to possess anti-inflammatory qualities and is a popular additive in cosmetics, foods, and cleaning products [7]. You’ll find it is a major terpene in strains like Jack Herer and Suver Haze.

Pinene

Pinene is the most abundant terpene in the natural world and is found in its alpha and beta forms. It is responsible for the distinctive aroma of coniferous trees, particularly pine trees, from which it derives its name. Also found in rose gun, parsley, frankincense, guava, juniper, rosemary, and nutmeg, pinene is a primary constituent of turpentine [8]. Several plants high in pinene have been used in traditional medicines for conditions such as gastrointestinal disturbances and pain [9], yet there is no conclusive evidence to prove its efficacy for these conditions. Hawaiian Haze, Harlequin, and Cotton Candy Kush all feature pinene prominently.

Beta-Caryophyllene

Both cannabis Sativa and cannabis Indica strains tend to be high in beta-caryophyllene. This terpene can also be found in plants such as rosemary clove, hops, black pepper, oregano, cinnamon, and basil. With a spicy, earthy aroma that many describe as smelling like cracked pepper, beta-caryophyllene is high in strains such as Canna Cake, Super Sour, and Sour Diesel [10].

Ocimene

An isomeric hydrocarbon found in a variety of fruits and plants, ocimene is known for its sweet, woodsy aroma. Sometimes used in perfumes, ocimene occurs naturally in mint, parsley, pepper, basil, mangoes, orchids, and kumquats. Cannabis strains high in ocimene include Suver Haze and Sour Special.

Terpinolene

Terpinolene is characterized by its floral, citrus, and piney aromas. Present in lilac, sage, rosemary, nutmeg, cumin, apple, and tea trees, this terpene has been anecdotally described as moderately sedative [11]. Although it is generally present in cannabis, it is usually in moderate amounts and predominantly in cannabis sativa strains with higher THC content. Besides being used as a preserving and flavoring agent in the food industry, it is also used to scent perfumes, soaps, and other cosmetic products [11]. Look for terpinolene levels to rank high in strains like Golden Pineapple, Sour Lifter, and Super Sour.

Alpha-Humulene

First identified in the essential oils of Humulus lupulus, or hops, alpha-humulene is said to have a “hoppy” beer-like taste and smell. Besides cannabis and hops, other sources of alpha-humulene include basil, ginger, cloves, black pepper, ginseng, and Vietnamese coriander [12]. Alpha-humulene also delivers a woody, herbaceous smell and is mostly found in sativa strains of cannabis. Cannabis that contains high levels of alpha-humulene may affect how appetite is regulated [12]. You’ll find a humulene in Candyland, White Widow, and Cherry Soda.

Linalool

Responsible for giving lavender its soothing aroma, linalool is also found in some citrus, birch, rosewood, laurels, and coriander. In cannabis plants, linalool typically smells floral, spicy, or woody. Cannabis strains high in linalool include Lifter and Hawaiian Haze.

Eucalyptol

This intense-smelling terpene is most abundant in the eucalyptus tree. Anecdotally touted for its medicinal purposes, eucalyptol is often added to cough and cold medicine to assist with respiratory function and help open the airways [14]. Also present in cannabis, rosemary, bay leaves, sage, sweet basil, and the camphor tree, eucalyptol smells cool and refreshing. That’s why many companies incorporate this common terpene into skin balms and lotions. It is a common terpene found in Girl Scout Cookies, Headband, and Super Sour.

Alpha-Phellandrene

In the past, both alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene were sometimes misidentified as pinene or limonene. Yet, after advanced testing of these terpenes, researchers discovered they are distinct isomeric compounds [14]. Alpha-phellandrene gets its name from Eucalyptus phellandrene. Although it is most prominent in eucalyptus plants, alpha-phellandrene can be found in dill, black pepper, mint, parsley, cinnamon, lavender, pine, ginger grass, and water fennel. Find a phellandrene in the profile of strains like Suver Haze and Ace of Spades.

Alpha-Terpinene

Occurring naturally in a variety of plants including allspice, eucalyptus, citrus, juniper, cardamom, and marjoram, alpha-terpinene is known for its smoky, woody aroma. This monoterpene is commonly used to scent cleaning fluids as well as utilized as an ingredient in beauty products, pharmaceuticals, and foods. In tea tree oil, αlpha-terpinene has been shown to possess potential antioxidant properties [15]. Sour Special, Hawaiian Haze, and Ghost Train Haze all have alpha terpinene represented in their bouquets.

Guaiol

Guaiol’s woody and floral scent lends a rich pungency to cannabis strains such as Sour Suver. Also found in cypress and guaiacum wood, this lesser-known terpene is unlike many others in that it has a liquid structure instead of oil. The guaiacum plant, in which guaiol is high, has been used in natural medicine since the 18th century in the form of guaiacum gum: a natural medicine made from the extract of the guaiacum plant. People traditionally used it for reproductive system health and regulation [16]. Those familiar with the Cinex, Suver Haze, or Fruit Loops strains will recognize this terpene.

3 Carene

Cannabis-derived 3 carene gives off a heady, sweet scent with hints of citrus and cypress. Other plants that feature this terpene include rosemary, pine, and cedar. Commonly used in cosmetics, 3 carene is also used in insect repellents. Additionally, researchers have found in animal and cell studies that 3 carene may play a role against inflammation [17]. This terpene is found in strains such as Sour Lifter and AK-47.

Camphene

Summer in humid areas wouldn’t be the same without the smell of citronella candles and the relief they bring from mosquitos. That aroma comes from camphene. Once used as an alternative to whale oil and burned in lamps, camphene is also found in camphor, cypress, spruce, ginger, rosemary, sage, and valerian. Most cannabis strains contain camphene in concentrations below 0.2% [18]. OG Kush and Sour Special are example strains whose profile includes camphene.

Fenchol

Naturally occurring in basal and aster flowers, fenchol is a secondary cannabis terpene prized for its earthy and camphor-like smell. Used in perfumes and detergents, fenchol has shown efficacy in a number of therapeutic areas as well [19]. Look for fenchol in OG Kush and Sour Lifter to experience it firsthand.

P-Cymene

Found in plants such as thyme, cumin, coriander, eucalyptus, cilantro, and oregano, this terpene expresses an earthy or “musty” aroma. A secondary cannabis terpene, p-cymene has been shown to play a role in the pain response of mice [20]. You’ll find that this terpene is an important one in Lemon Skunk and Lifter.

Sabinene

Though the presence of sabinene is relatively low in many cannabis varieties, strains that give off a peppery, piney or mint aroma likely contain at least some of this terpene [21]. A constituent of carrot seed oil and black pepper, sabinene is also found in oak, Norway spruce, tea tree, nutmeg, basil, marjoram, cloves, and cardamom. This fresh-smelling terpene is used to flavor foods and scent perfumes. Additionally, it has been studied for its anti-inflammatory benefits for skin and digestion [22]. Sabinene features in strains like Mimosa and Tangerine Dream.

Valencene

Named after the Valencia orange, valencene is a sesquiterpene, meaning that it is a more complex type of terpene than monoterpenes like pinene or limonene [23]. Citrusy and sweet, the smell of valencene has also been likened to freshly cut wood and fresh herbs. It is unsurprisingly found in Tangie and Agent Orange, as well as Lifter and Cherry Soda.

Nerolidol

Also called peruviol and penetrol, nerolidol is reminiscent of the smell of apple, citrus, rose, and fresh bark. It’s often added to skin care products because it is easily absorbed and can enhance the absorption of other substances. While humans enjoy its smell and taste, pests stay clear of it, making it an ideal agent for warding off insects [24]. The profiles of Jack Herer, GG4, and Suver Haze wouldn’t be the same without nerolidol.

Borneol

Borneol is a fresh and minty-tasting cannabis terpene also naturally occurring in ginger, rosemary, camphor, and thyme. Chinese physicians have used borneol’s potent analgesic qualities since around 475 – 221 BC in a treatment called “moxa,” still used by some alternative medicine practitioners today [25]. Haze strains of cannabis generally contain higher concentrations of borneol.

Know your top 20 cannabis terpenes

This list intends to educate cannabis enthusiasts about how different terpenes influence smell and taste as well as illuminate the traditional uses for the most prominent terpenes.

Bookmark this page so that you can review how terpenes function as you peruse different strains of cannabis. Having a little inside information can go a long way in navigating the exciting landscape of cannabis terpenes. Your olfactory neurons and taste buds will thank us later.

Disclaimer – Information is provided for educational purposes. It does not, and is not intended to, constitute legal advice or medical advice. We attempt to be accurate and up to date but the legality of cannabinoids and the science of cannabis is evolving. The author is neither a lawyer or a legal expert, nor a doctor or medical expert. You should check with your local authorities and medical providers before buying or using any products.

References

Frequently asked questions

What is the full-spectrum entourage effect?

The full-spectrum entourage effect is the theory that many different compounds of the cannabis plant—including phytocannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes—work better together than separately with the endocannabinoid system, thereby enhancing the effects of the plant.

What is the most abundant terpene in cannabis?

Myrcene is the most abundant terpene in cannabis. In fact, myrcene makes up to 65% of the total terpene composition in many strains.

Do terpenes have psychoactive effects?

Terpenes are not psychoactive in and of themselves. However, anecdotal reports indicate that terpenes may influence how you feel when they are taken alongside psychoactive cannabinoids such as THC.

What are botanical-derived terpenes?

Though all the terpenes in cannabis are technically botanical-derived, as cannabis is a plant, the cannabis industry has come to differentiate between cannabis-derived terpenes and botanical-derived (non-cannabis-derived) terpenes.

Clean as Cannabis: Terpenes and Cosmetics

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Terpenes have been a staple of cosmetics for as long as people have wanted to smell good—basically throughout history. The truth is, we do our best to smell fresh and pleasing, so why not add our favorite pleasing and fresh scents to the products we use on our bodies?

Even in biblical times, people sought a pleasant scent in their grooming products by using essential oils, which are what terpenes are derived from. For instance, in the Old Testament’s Song of Songs, the bridegroom delights in the smells of his beloved, the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon, nard, myrrh, and all the finest spices. In essence, the bride had bathed or washed her clothes with terpene-infused products, though, of course, they would not have called it that.

All this is to say that terpenes have been a part of our bodily rituals for a very long time.

Are we living on planet terpene?

In these modern times, the scents of our cosmetics options are practically infinite, thanks to botanical terpene extraction on a grand scale. Lavender, vanilla, lilac, and rose are among some of the most popular fragrances in the cosmetics industry. But, what about cannabis-derived terpenes?

Do we want to smell like different cannabis strains? The popularity of new terpene-infused cosmetics suggests we do indeed. In fact, cosmetics companies are just beginning to discover how much consumers do want their skin, hair care, and beauty products to give off these familiar rich aromas. However, it remains to be seen which cannabis terpenes will ultimately rise to the top in this exciting new world of cosmetics fragrances.

What are terpenes?

Terpenes are in our food, the flowers we smell, and, yes, the cosmetic products we use. They are simply the chemical compounds found in plants which affect the way they smell and taste. Cannabis plants happen to contain high concentrations of these aromatic compounds.

Different terpene profiles in nature determine the characteristic aromas of plants. For instance, the common terpene linalool gives lavender its distinctive floral scent, and the terpene alpha-pinene contributes to the woody, earthy aroma of pine needles and rosemary.

What’s more, the scent of a plant can help it survive. Terpenes can protect plants from being eaten by insects or other animals by giving off a scent that repels the would-be pests [1]. In another helpful technique, terpenes like the terpene limonene, found in citrus fruits and other plants, may emit pleasing aromas to attract pollinators.

Are terpenes and essential oils the same?

Terpenes are the primary constituents of essential oils, yet there are some key differences. The main difference is that essential oils contain all of the main components of a particular plant species, while terpenes are isolated from the other components.

By extracting only the terpenes from a given plant, as opposed to extracting the essential oil in its entirety, people are able to mix and match different terpenes to create more complex scents. To use a cooking metaphor, lemons are just one ingredient in lemon meringue pie just as the terpene pinene is just one component of the essential oil of pine trees.

Four common ingredients in cosmetics

There are four main categories of ingredients when it comes to cosmetics:

Surfactants
Conditioning polymers
Preservatives
Fragrances

It’s important for consumers to understand what these basic ingredients are in order to make decisions about which cosmetics are safest and most useful for them.

Found in products used for washing, surfactants break up oily substances that collect on the skin. They can be washed away with water and are often combined with additives like salts, dyes, or perfumes in products like makeup, cleansing gel, shampoo, and lotion. Additionally, surfactants help to thicken products, allowing them to spread more evenly and foam when lathered [2].

Conditioning polymers are used widely in skincare product production because they help maintain moisture. A natural component of vegetable oils and animal fats, glycerin is one of the most popular and cost effective conditioning polymers and can now be produced synthetically. Also used in hair products to attract water, conditioning polymers soften the hair by swelling the hair shaft. They keep cosmetics from drying out and stabilize fragrances so they don’t seep through bottles [2].

Preservatives keep cosmetics from going bad. They serve to slow the growth of harmful bacteria and prolong a product’s shelf life. Additionally, they can help keep a product from causing infections on the skin or in the eyes [2].

Our sense of smell is often the first sense we engage to learn about a person or product, so fragrance is extremely important. Though a particular fragrance can make a product especially desirable, some fragrances can be harmful. That’s why natural fragrances such as essential oils or terpenes are some of the best ingredients with which to scent a cosmetic product. Synthetic fragrances can contain harmful chemicals that may cause allergic reactions so avoiding them may be better.

When it comes to scenting cosmetics with cannabis terpenes, it’s important to preserve the pure aromas through a careful extraction process. Too much heat or pressure can lead to the breakdown of the terpenes’ chemical structure. Thus, it’s important to buy high-quality terpenes from reputable companies. Look for a terpene’s certificate of analysis (COA). A COA is a document attesting to a product’s laboratory analysis for cannabinoids and in some cases adulterants [3].” A company should post its products’ COAs publicly for transparency and confidence in the product. Earthy Terpenes are 100% cannabis-derived, all-natural, strain-specific, with no additives.

What’s the purpose of terpenes and essential oils in cosmetics?

Overall, the role of terpenes and essential oils in cosmetics is to make the product smell good. However, there are also potential benefits associated with each of them. For instance, cosmetic formulations that include linalool, the main terpene found in lavender essential oil, may be calming to the human body. Other terpenes such as myrcene may also prove beneficial to the skin [4].

Certain terpenes absorb into the skin more readily, so it’s important to know which different terpenes have been added to a given product in order to understand how the most common terpenes might provide benefits.

Cannabis-derived terpenes vs. botanical terpenes

Though all the terpenes in cannabis are technically botanically-derived, since cannabis is a plant, the cannabis industry has come to differentiate between cannabis-derived terpenes and botanical-derived (non-cannabis-derived) terpenes. Cannabis terpenes and botanical terpenes share many of the same terpenes. For example, alpha-pinene, which is abundant in mint plants, is also at a high level in cannabis strains such as Hawaiian Haze and Canna Cake.

Will this lotion get me high?

Terpenes in and of themselves cannot get you high. However, skin cells will likely absorb some of the terpenes in the product, which can work in the same way on your cell receptors as essential oils. For example, terpenes such as linalool can be absorbed through the skin surface and can potentially calm the mind and body.

In contrast, if your cosmetic product contains cannabinoids such as THC or full spectrum CBD , terpenes may influence the way you experience the effects of these by way of the entourage effect. The entourage effect proposes that when different compounds of the cannabis plant are taken together, they can enhance the benefits of the cannabinoids [5].

Cannabis, hemp, marijuana and the Farm Bills

Marijuana and hemp both come from the cannabis plant, yet the law treats them quite differently. The 2014 and 2018 Farm Bills established new federal legal definitions and rules for hemp, including the allowance that hemp “and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than .3% on a dry weight basis” may be legally produced, sold, transported and used.

Simply put, cannabis with less than .3% Delta-9 THC is defined as hemp, while cannabis with more than .3% Delta-9 THC is defined as marijuana. Marijuana and hemp both contain terpenes. However, the main difference between the two plants is the type of cannabinoids traditionally associated with them.

The most well-known cannabinoids in cannabis are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBD on its own is non-psychoactive, whereas THC is psychoactive. Full spectrum CBD is made up of material from the entire plant, including minor cannabinoids and trace amounts of Delta-9 THC. Many if not all cannabinoids, including CBD, CBG, CBN, Delta-8 THC, Delta-10 THC, and even Delta-9 THC, may be derived from federally compliant hemp.

Are terpenes & the entourage effect related?

There is some evidence to indicate terpenes influence the entourage effect, the way in which cannabis compounds—like cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes—work synergistically in the endocannabinoid system to enhance the overall effect of the plant on the body [5].

The entourage effect, in relation to cannabis, was first coined by Mechoulam and Ben-Shabat in their 1998 hypothesis that proposed other organic compounds work in tandem with the primary endogenous cannabinoids, thereby enhancing the effects of cannabis.

Cannabinoids don’t seem to work in the same way without the entourage effect. For instance, scientists have found that the mixture of all the components of the plant has different effects than isolated compounds. GW Pharmaceuticals, makers of one of the only sanctioned cannabis-based drugs Sativex (called Nabiximols in the U.S.), found that a whole plant extract was more effective than a single compound for certain therapies. Another researcher noted that single-component drugs like Marinol, a synthetic THC pill, have less therapeutic value than those with more cannabinoids [6].

Still, research on the entourage effect is in its infancy and some scientists seek more data to be fully convinced [7]. However, many cannabis proponents lean on the existing data, as well as popular anecdotal notions of the entourage effect, and embrace the opportunity to create custom blends of terpenes and cannabinoids to offer consumers specifically designed effects [8].

Are terpenes safe to use in cosmetics?

If used properly, many terpenes are safe to use in cosmetic products. While some terpenes are known for irritating the skin, the severity of the irritation is linked to higher concentrations of them. That’s why it’s important for terpenes to be appropriately diluted in products used for skin care. What’s more, proper storage of terpenes is required to preserve their purity and decrease the risk of adverse skin reactions [9].

The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) specifies which terpenes represent a potential allergy risk as well as states the maximum concentration of them allowed in a product in order to produce safe cosmetics [9].

Naturally pure: benefits of terpenes in cosmetics

The most notable benefit of terpenes in cosmetics is their ability to make our grooming products smell good. The aroma of limonene, for example, can make a lotion smell pleasantly of citrus. Or, nerolidol might make a cleanser or shampoo evoke the smell of orange blossom. A pleasing aroma promotes relaxation and can make you feel good, providing a sense of overall wellness.

Moreover, terpenes can penetrate the body’s largest organ—the skin—and may enhance the transdermal delivery of certain lipids, vitamins, minerals, and potentially cannabinoids [10].

Terpenes in cosmetics

There’s a good reason that throughout history civilizations have used essential oils and their terpene constituents as ingredients for bathing and grooming products. We simply feel better (and cleaner) when we smell better. Unsurprisingly, this tradition has survived, and today terpenes and essential oils are still the most widely used natural ingredients in the cosmetic and perfumery industries.

Terpenes & oral care

Toothpaste and oral care products can benefit from the addition of terpenes in several ways. First of all, certain terpenes like linalool, camphene, and alpha-pinene give a fresh taste to our mouths, improving our breath and getting rid of the stale taste that can accumulate there after a period of time. Secondly, certain terpenes like limonene show promise as a dental cleaning aid, yet more research is needed [11].

Terpenes & skin health

Terpenes have been added to skincare products throughout history to make them smell fresh and desirable. But they may provide other benefits related to skin health. For example, the antioxidant properties of alpha-pinene [12] and the antibacterial properties of limonene [13] could potentially benefit general skin wellness.

Terpenes & sun care

Applying sunscreen regularly is an important way to help you avoid sunburn and skin cancer. Adding terpenes to sunscreen can make these products smell good as well as offer other potential benefits. For example, myrcene has been shown to potentially play a role in protecting skin, though more research is needed [14].

Terpenes & hair care

Who doesn’t love to burrow their nose into freshly washed hair and breathe in the aroma? Let’s face it, modern humans want to have good-smelling hair. That’s why terpenes are such popular ingredients for shampoos and conditioners. Yet, cannabis terpenes can offer even more to our heads than their wonderful smells. For instance, studies have shown that beta-caryophyllene may be beneficial to the scalp [15].

Terpenes & body care

Terpenes are a great addition to body care products such as salves and massage oils because of their effects after skin penetration, as well as their aromatherapy benefits. When these products also contain cannabinoids such as THC or CBD, the effects of the terpenes may be even more beneficial because of the entourage effect.

Closing thoughts on terpenes in cosmetic products

The cosmetic industry is just beginning to discover the enormous potential of cannabis-derived terpenes for skin care, decorative cosmetics, hair products, and cleansers. It’s becoming clear that adding terpenes to cosmetics is simply the next step in the evolution of restorative products for the body.

The amazing benefits that terpenes lend to cosmetics are likely to make them even bigger stars in the ingredient lists than essential oils. Indeed, cosmetics are no longer just about making your body look and smell good. They’re becoming more about making you feel good too.

Disclaimer – Information is provided for educational purposes. It does not, and is not intended to, constitute legal advice or medical advice. We attempt to be accurate and up to date but the legality of cannabinoids and the science of cannabis is evolving. The author is neither a legal expert nor a medical expert. You should check with your local authorities and medical providers before buying or using any products.

References

Frequently Asked Questions

Can terpenes be used topically?

Terpenes can be added to topical lotions, salves, ointments, and makeup to make them smell good and offer other potential benefits. However, it’s important to sufficiently dilute terpenes to avoid skin irritation. They should not be directly applied if undiluted.

What are the main terpenes in cannabis cosmetics?

Myrcene, alpha-pinene, and limonene are the some of the most prevalent cannabis terpenes. These can be safely and effectively added to cosmetic products.

What are botanical terpenes?

In a literal sense, botanical terpenes are all terpenes found in plants. However, in the cannabis industry the term often refers to non-cannabis terpenes.

What are synthetic terpenes?

Synthetic terpenes are formulated in a lab by chemical blending and manipulation.

A Toast to Cannabis: Terpenes and Beverages

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Do cannabis terpenes and beverages go together? We modern humans love to hover our noses over a fragrant beverage like wine or a gin gimlet, breathing in the scents and savoring the bouquet. But, what are we smelling, exactly? It turns out that many of these smells are the aromatic molecules called terpenes.

Cannabis edibles have been around for quite a while. Now, we can enjoy cannabis drinkables—beverages infused with cannabis compounds, including terpenes. With the ever-rising trend of cannabis products, the sky appears to be the limit when it comes to terpene infusions, whether they’re added to food, pharmaceuticals, topicals, or beverages.

Determined not to miss out on the latest cannabis trends, food and beverage companies have been quick to hop on the terpene train. Likewise, adventurous mixologists across the country stir up exciting new cocktails to serve their customers as more bar and restaurant patrons discover the joys of these novel drinks. Before long, we’ll likely be seeing more bottles of specially designed terpenes sitting alongside bitters, simple syrup, tonic, and alcohol as bartenders surprise customers and tantalize tastebuds with cannabis beverages.

How well do you know your terpenes?

From the pungent scent of a muddled mint leaf in a mojito to the burst of the sour aroma rising from a squeezed lemon, terpenes inhabit many of the plants involved in our daily activities and rituals. Without question, terpenes make our lives richer and more pleasurable. Thanks to them, we can experience countless different flavors in foods and beverages as well as experience the aromatherapy of a vast array of flowers and essential oils. But, what exactly are they?

At their core, terpenes are molecules responsible for protecting a plant. They serve the plant in this way by giving off scents that protect it from predators, as well as helping the plant attract pollinators. A particularly repellent smell, for instance, might help the plant stay out of the path of an animal who wishes to eat it. On the other hand, terpenes play a vital role in luring helpful insects to flowers to ensure the plant’s survival through pollination. Some of the most prominent terpenes in cannabis include alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, and myrcene.

Cannabis terpenes vs. botanical terpenes

Though all the terpenes in cannabis are technically botanically-derived, as cannabis is a plant, the cannabis industry has come to differentiate between cannabis-derived terpenes and botanical-derived (non-cannabis-derived) terpenes. Cannabis terpenes and botanical terpenes share many of the same terpenes. For example, linalool, a terpene in cannabis strains such as Suver Haze and Sour Special, is also in lavender, giving them similar scents.

What are the health benefits of terpenes?

While we are far from fully understanding all the health benefits of terpenes, the minimal research thus far conducted has led to encouraging theories about how terpenes may potentially help us. For instance, the terpene eucalyptol, which is abundant in eucalyptus as well as some cannabis strains, is often added to cough and cold medicine to open up the airways [1]. While more studies need to be done to be certain, early studies suggest that limonene may produce benefits for people too [2].

When it comes to cannabis terpenes, there is some evidence to indicate that they play a powerful role in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) by influencing the entourage effect [3]. The entourage effect was first coined by Mechoulam and Ben-Shabat in their 1998 hypothesis that proposed that other organic compounds work in tandem with the primary endogenous cannabinoids in cannabis, thereby enhancing their effects. This may indicate that terpenes taken with other cannabis compounds may affect the body differently than terpene isolates or cannabis products that are not full-spectrum.

An example of how terpenes may contribute to the entourage effect can be found in a study published recently in Science Daily. The study proposes that terpenes interact with other compounds in cannabis to uniquely affect the body’s cell receptors. The results from this University of Arizona Health Sciences study have inspired additional research for cannabis terpenes [3].

Can you get high on cannabis terpenes?

Arguably, cannabis terpenes work in the same way as essential oils do on your cell receptors. They affect taste and smell as well as contribute to other potential benefits, yet they are not psychoactive in and of themselves. Nonetheless, terpenes seem to affect the way that people experience the THC (psychoactive) or CBD (non-psychoactive) in cannabis.

Benefits of using terpenes in beverages

More brands are beginning to incorporate terpenes into their drinks because of their many benefits. Cannabis terpenes make great ingredients for beverages because:

They are all-natural
They work well in both hot and cold beverages
Cannabis can now be processed in a way that produces water-soluble terpenes
They do not add extra sugar or calories to beverages
People love the taste of cannabis
They are cost-efficient while offering exciting flavors
They work well with spirits
Multiple terpenes can be added to beverages for more complex flavors and designer terpene blends
They may enhance healthy drinks

What do terpenes taste like?

The variety of terpene scents and flavors in nature is practically infinite. In fact, any word that could describe the flavor of a fruit, vegetable, flower, or tree would be an apt way to describe what terpenes might taste or smell like. For instance, limonene is sometimes described as tasting citrusy, while linalool might be described as more floral. Pinene is often described as piney or earthy. Cannabis and fruits with beta-caryophyllene have been described as peppery or cinnamon-like. Much like a sommelier describing a wine, cannabis enthusiasts enjoy imaginative descriptions of their favorite terpene-infused products.

Drinks with terpenes

What is a cannabis beverage? Even the name is bound to get people’s attention. But, the taste of a terpene-infused drink will no doubt seal the deal for many cannabis lovers. For example, limonene and linalool can be added to juice to make drinks such as an edgy version of lavender lemonade. Or, the terpene extract of a cannabis strain like Cherry Soda could be added to a cocktail as an alternative to mixers such as herbal or orange bitters. Indeed, everyone who enjoys the smells and tastes of cannabis products is likely to find their perfect terpene-infused liquid refreshment, whether it’s a sports drink, cocktail, beer, tea, or soda.

Cannabis terpenes also make great “mocktails” because of their complex natural flavors. For instance, to achieve a piney flavor, you could add pinene to club soda or tonic. Or, if you want to make a sweet, cinnamony-flavored drink, beta-caryophyllene might be the best terpene to add. Enhance your terpene-infused mocktail with a splash of fruit juice for more vitamins, minerals, and nutrients.

Are terpenes safe to use in beverages?

When the terpene extraction process is conducted properly, terpenes are safe to use in beverages, as long as they are sufficiently diluted. In diluted form (5% or less), terpenes are non-toxic [4].

The two main methods for terpene extraction are solventless and solvent-based extraction. Solventless extraction typically uses steam distillation or hydrodistillation, both of which use heat and water in the process. Solvent-based extraction is done at lower temperatures with hydrocarbons, gasses, and vacuums [5].

In order to preserve the pure aromas and flavors of terpenes, either process must be conducted carefully. Too much heat or pressure can lead to the breakdown of the terpene chemical structure, and improper solvent processing can leave unwanted substances. Thus, it’s important to buy high-quality terpenes from reputable companies like Earthy—products that are 100% cannabis-derived, all-natural, and strain-specific, with no additives.

Earthy uses organically grown, morning-harvested cannabis right from the field—never dried or frozen—for the freshest possible terpenes. Earthy’s solventless extraction and testing process maximizes potency and ensures purity and safety.

Terpenes in alcohol

Alcoholic beverages lend themselves well to terpene infusions. For instance, wines, beers, and many spirits contain their own natural botanical terpenes that may be enhanced with cannabis terpenes. Rose, citrus, pine, and mint are some of the common aromas associated with wine-tasting. By adding cannabis terpenes to wine, a whole set of new associations may be evoked, increasing the olfactory diversity of the wine.

In addition to wine, spirits such as tequila have plenty of natural terpenes found in the agave cactus from which it is made. What if cannabis terpenes were added to tequila, vodka, gin, or whisky? New trends involving these creative combinations are popping up every day [6].

Terpenes in beer

Recognizing the enormous potential of the terpene-infused beer niche market, many craft breweries have begun adding cannabis terpenes to their beverages as eager customers get in line for a taste. Craft beer pioneer Lagunitas Brewing Company, for example, was excited to participate in this trend, and in 2017 they launched Supercritical; a beer made with cannabis terpenes [7]. Likewise, New Belgium Brewing created The Hemperor beer that brewer Mark Koenigs describes as “dank, grassy, woody, spicy and green [8].”

Mixed drinks & beyond

There may have never been a more exciting time to be a mixologist. With restaurants and bars clamoring for the most sensational cocktail in town, cannabis-derived terpenes are poised to become the next coveted mixed drink ingredient.

A cocktail with a few drops of limonene, for instance, adds a pleasing citrus flavor and aroma. Myrcene will add an earthy, fruity scent with hints of mango and mint. Or, to add a spicy, clovey, or peppery quality to a cocktail, caryophyllene may be used.

Limonene may be the most common terpene currently used in mixed drinks. Cocktails that contain gin and orange bitters can benefit from limonene terpenes to reduce the bitterness of the orange. Likewise, the popular kombucha drinks often use limonene, as it counteracts the sharp flavor of the fermented tea [9].

Are terpenes legal to use in beverages?

If a company or individual uses cannabis terpenes extracted from federally compliant hemp in their beverages, they are acting in accordance with the law. The 2014 Farm Bill and 2018 Farm Bills allow people to research, produce, transport, sell, and consume hemp-derived products with less than .3% Delta-9 THC, making clear that these products, including terpenes, are federally-compliant [10].

On the other hand, marijuana—defined as cannabis containing more than .3% Delta-9 THC—is still not federally legal, and products derived from them are not federally compliant. Many states have changed their laws to sanction medical and/or adult recreational of marijuana. However, the country as a whole has not caught up. Thanks to the Farm Bills, we all can enjoy the benefits of cannabis-derived terpenes and other goods produced from federally compliant hemp, a most famous example being cannabidiol, or CBD.

Final thoughts on terpenes and beverages

We all have a go-to beverage. For some, iced tea or coffee best quenches the thirst. Others fuel up with a sports drink before a workout or unwind with a beer after work. Sparkling water hits the spot any time of day for still others. If you’re in the beverage market though, you want to make sure people are reaching for your beverages on the shelves. Cannabis terpenes in beverages just might be the new magic that keep thirsty customers coming back for more.

Disclaimer – Information is provided for educational purposes. It does not, and is not intended to, constitute legal advice or medical advice. We attempt to be accurate and up to date but the legality of cannabinoids and the science of cannabis is evolving. The author is neither a lawyer or a legal expert, nor a doctor or medical expert. You should check with your local authorities and medical providers before buying or using any products.